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- CHMOD(1L) CHMOD(1L)
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- N✓NA✓AM✓ME✓E
- chmod - change the access permissions of files
-
- S✓SY✓YN✓NO✓OP✓PS✓SI✓IS✓S
- c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d [-Rcfv] [--recursive] [--changes] [--silent]
- [--quiet] [--verbose] [--help] [--version] mode file...
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- D✓DE✓ES✓SC✓CR✓RI✓IP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓N
- This manual page documents the GNU version of c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d.
- c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d changes the permissions of each given file according
- to _✓m_✓o_✓d_✓e, which can be either a symbolic representation of
- changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit
- pattern for the new permissions.
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- The format of a symbolic mode is
- `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple sym-
- bolic operations can be given, separated by commas.
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- A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users'
- access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it
- (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not
- in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of
- these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but
- bits that are set in the umask are not affected.
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- The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be
- added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes
- them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only
- permissions that the file has.
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- The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the
- affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access
- for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a direc-
- tory or already has execute permission for some user (X),
- set user or group ID on execution (s), save program text
- on swap device (t), the permissions that the user who owns
- the file currently has for it (u), the permissions that
- other users in the file's group have for it (g), and the
- permissions that other users not in the file's group have
- for it (o).
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- A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7),
- derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1.
- Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The
- first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID
- (2) and save text image (1) attributes. The second digit
- selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read
- (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permis-
- sions for other users in the file's group, with the same
- values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's
- group, with the same values.
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- c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the
- c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d system call cannot change their permissions. This
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 1
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-
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- CHMOD(1L) CHMOD(1L)
-
-
- is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links
- are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on
- the command line, c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d changes the permissions of the
- pointed-to file. In contrast, c✓ch✓hm✓mo✓od✓d ignores symbolic
- links encountered during recursive directory traversals.
-
- O✓OP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓NS✓S
- _✓-_✓c_✓, _✓-_✓-_✓c_✓h_✓a_✓n_✓g_✓e_✓s
- Verbosely describe only files whose permissions
- actually change.
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- _✓-_✓f_✓, _✓-_✓-_✓s_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓n_✓t_✓, _✓-_✓-_✓q_✓u_✓i_✓e_✓t
- Do not print error messages about files whose per-
- missions cannot be changed.
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- _✓-_✓v_✓, _✓-_✓-_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓b_✓o_✓s_✓e
- Verbosely describe changed permissions.
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- _✓-_✓R_✓, _✓-_✓-_✓r_✓e_✓c_✓u_✓r_✓s_✓i_✓v_✓e
- Recursively change permissions of directories and
- their contents.
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- _✓-_✓-_✓h_✓e_✓l_✓p Print a usage message on standard output and exit
- successfully.
-
- _✓-_✓-_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓s_✓i_✓o_✓n
- Print version information on standard output then
- exit successfully.
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- FSF GNU File Utilities 2
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